Author Profile

Dr. Marcus Hoggard, PhD, is a distinguished professor and researcher specializing in human anatomy and evolutionary physiology. He earned his doctorate from the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, focusing on the mechanics of cardiac cellular adaptation. Dr. Marcus has spent over two decades in the classroom, teaching undergraduate and graduate students how to appreciate the intricate design of the human body. Dr. Marcus believes that learning anatomy should not feel like memorizing a dictionary. His writing strips away dense academic jargon to reveal the human body as a dynamic, living machine. By using relatable everyday analogies, he helps students understand how structural form directly dictates biological function. When he is not in the laboratory or lecture hall, Marcus is an avid long-distance trail runner. He enjoys experiencing firsthand the very physiological processes such as lactic acid clearance and thermoregulation that he writes about in his textbooks. He currently resides in Chicago, Illinois.

About The Book

The human body is a complex and intricate system, composed of numerous structures that function together to sustain life. Understanding the organization of the body and the specific terminology used to describe its parts is fundamental for anyone studying human anatomy. This book aims to introduce the basic anatomical terms and the organization of the human body, providing a foundation for further study in the field of anatomy and physiology. Human Anatomy and Physiology is the premier book for understanding the structure and function of the human body. It bridges basic terminology with clinical scenarios, making it an essential resource for nursing, pharmacy, allied health, and exercise science programs. This book provides information for an Anatomy & Physiology and discusses the levels of biological organization, body support & movement, and nervous regulation and integration. Each chapter contains relevant terminology, diagrams to assist the learner in learning the material in-depth. Each chapter blends theoretical knowledge with practical insights, supported by illustrative diagrams, clinical correlations, and case studies to enhance understanding and application. Designed for undergraduate and graduate students in biology, physiology, anatomy, medicine, and related fields, this textbook also serves as a valuable resource for educators and professionals seeking a comprehensive reference.

Table of Contents

Preface
1.
INTRODUCTION TO ANATOMY AND
PHYSIOLOGY, CELL AND TISSUE.......................................................................3
1.1 Introduction of Anatomy and Physiology
1.2 Anatomy and Physiology: Importance and Role
1.3 Introduction, Types and Function of Cell
1.4 Cell Membrane
1.5 Cell Division-Metosis and Meiosis
1.6 Tissue: Various Types and Functions
1.7 Types of Tissues
1.8 Shapes of Neurons
2.
THE SKELETON, JOINTS, THE
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM, AND BLOOD...............................................................43
2.1 The Arrangement of Skeleton
2.2 Joints
2.3 Fundamental Movements
2.4 The Circulatory System
3.
THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM, THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM AND
DIGESTIVE ORGANS.........................................................................................88
3.1 The Respiratory System
3.2 The Digestive System
4.
SENSE ORGANS, THE SKIN,
AND THE ORGANS OF TASTE AND SMELL.....................................................115
4.1 Sense Organs
4.2 Human Ear: Structure and Functions
4.3 Organs of Taste and Smell
4.4 Organs of Smell
5.
THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM...............................................................................143
5.1 Muscular System
5.2 Types of Muscles
5.3 Major Muscles of Human Body
5.4 Structure, Composition, Properties and Functions of Skeletal Muscles
5.5 Muscle Fibers Types and Their Characteristics
5.6 Sliding Filament Theory of Muscle Contraction
6.
THE NERVOUS SYSTEM..................................................................................166
6.1 Nervous System: Structure and Function of
Brain and Spinal Cord
6.2 The Autonomic Nervous System and Peripheral
Nervous System
6.3 Examples of The Peripheral Nervous System Response
6.4 Nerve Control of Muscular Activity: Reflex Action
6.5 Reflex Action
6.6 Neuromuscular Junction, Nerve Transmission Across It
7.
THE EXCRETORY SYSTEM...............................................................................198
7.1 The Excretory System: Structure and Functions of The Kidneys and The Skin
7.2 The Endocrine Glands: Functions of Pituitary, Tyroid, Parathyroid, Aderrnal, Pancreatic, and The Sex Glands
7.3 Functions of Pituitary
7.4 Thyroid
7.5 Parathyroid Gland
7.6 Adrenal Gland
7.7 Pancreatic Gland
7.8 Testis and Ovary In Mammals
7.9 The Lymphatic System: The Lymphatic
Glands, The Spleen
8.
THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM.................................................................................230
8.1 Digestive Tract Wall
8.2 Regulation of Gastrointestinal Function
8.3 Mouth
8.4 Pharynx
8.5 Esophagus
8.6 Stomach
8.7 Liver
8.8 Gallbladder
8.9 Pancreas
8.10 Transport of Bile and Pancreatic Juice
8.11 Small Intestine
8.12 Gastrointestinal Disorders
8.13 Hepatobiliary Disorders
9.
THE RENAL SYSTEM.......................................................................................281
9.1 Functional Anatomy of The Kidneys
9.2 Basic Renal Processes
9.3 Glomerular Filtration
9.4 Tubular Reabsorption
9.5 Plasma Clearance
9.6 Renal Blood Flow
9.7 Control of Sodium Excretion
9.8 Control of Water Excretion
9.9 Disorders of The Kidney and Urinary Tract
9.10 Disorders of The Bladder and Urethra
10.
FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS
OF ANATOMY BASIS......................................................................................317
10.1 Classification of Joints and Muscles
10.2 Types of Muscle Contractions
10.3 Posture: Meaning, Types and Importance of Good Posture
11.
MECHANICAL CONCEPTS...............................................................................338
11.1 Force and Power: Meaning, Definition, Types and Its Application
11.2 Types of Force
11.3 Stress On Weight-Bearing Joints
11.4 Spinal Load Considerations
11.5 Stress On Nonweight-Bearing Joints
11.6 Magnitude and Action Line
11.7 Direction and Point of Application
11.8 Vectors
11.9 Space
11.10 Power
11.11 Lever: Meaning, Definition, Types and Its Application To Human Body
11.12 Newton’s Laws of Motion: Meaning, Definition and Its Application
11.13 Newton’s Second Law of Motion
11.14 Application of Newton’s Law of Motion
11.15 Projectile: Factors Influencing Projectile Trajectory
12.
THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM........................................................................365
12.1 Gametogenesis
12.2 Female Reproductive System
12.3 Disorders of The Male Reproductive System
12.4 Disorders of The Female Reproductive System
12.5 Sexually Transmitted Diseases
Bibliography....................................................................................................390
Index...............................................................................................................399